Multi-Mode Communication Ingestible Event Markers and Systems, and Methods of Using the Same

ABSTRACT

Aspects of the invention include multi-mode communication ingestible event marker devices. Ingestible event marker devices of the invention include an ingestible component comprising a conductive communication module and at least one additional non-conductive communication module. The non-conductive communication module may be integrated with the ingestible component or at least a portion or all of the non-conductive communication module may be associated with a packaging component of the ingestible event marker device. Additional aspects of the invention include systems that include the devices and one or more receivers, as well as methods of using the same.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

Pursuant to 35 U.S.C. §119 (e), this application claims priority to thefiling date of the U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. Nos.61/034,085 filed Mar. 5, 2008; the disclosure of which application isincorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

INTRODUCTION

Healthcare concerns related to pharmaceutical products include supplychain issues, pharmacy errors and inefficiencies, unintentionaldisclosures of information related to patients and/or medications, andpatient error and misuse of medication. There remains a long-standingneed for a safe, cost-effective, comprehensive solution to safeguardmedication and protect patients from the consequences of these issuessurrounding medications.

SUMMARY

Aspects of the invention include multi-mode communication ingestibleevent marker devices. The multi-mode communication ingestible eventmarker devices include an ingestible component comprising an integratedcircuit comprising a conductive communication module; and at least asecond non-conductive communication module, which may be associated withthe ingestible component or a packaging component thereof. Thecommunications modules can include antennas, integrated circuitry,and/or related components, in various combinations and configurations.Various configurations of the communications unit combine or separatecomponents making up the communications modules, such as antennas, powersources, or integrated circuitry, to achieve a range of designobjectives. Further, the devices can communicate with various otherdevices, including transmitters/receivers associated with inventorycontrol, pharmacy control, and inter- and intra-body devices.

Additional aspects of the invention include systems that can be usedacross multiple and varied applications to provide various benefitsacross the duration of an ingestible event marker's existence. Forexample, systems of the invention may provide inventory controlinformation related to medication manufacturing and packaging managementoperations as well as supply chain control. Systems of the invention mayalso provide pharmacy-related quality control measures andpersonalization applications related to medication, medicationspackaging, and patient history. Systems of the invention may alsoprovide patient safety information as well as safety control measures.Some systems of the invention may provide and/or suppress dataassociated with the system in accordance with preset or dynamicallyupdatable control functions.

Accordingly, aspects of the invention include devices comprising aningestible component comprising an integrated circuit comprising aconductive communication module; and a second non-conductivecommunication module. The second non-conductive communication modulecomprises, in some instances, at least one module selected from thegroup consisting of a wireless radio-frequency module, a magneticinduction module, an optical module, an acoustic module, and a wiredmodule. In some instances, the non-conductive communication module is awireless radio-frequency module that comprises a radio-frequencyidentification module. In other instances, the non-conductivecommunication module may be an infrared frequency module. The ingestiblecomponent may include a power source, such as a power source made up ofa pair of electrodes fabricated from dissimilar materials. Ingestibleevent marker devices may also include a second power source electricallycoupled to the non-conductive communication module, such as a coil,e.g., an RFID coil. In some instances, the ingestible componentcomprises the non-conductive communication module. In such instances,the non-conductive communication module may be electrically coupled tothe integrated circuit of the ingestible component, i.e., the ingestiblecomponent integrated circuit. In such instances, the ingestiblecomponent integrated circuit, conductive communication module and atleast a portion of the non-conductive communication module may beintegrated into an ingestible event marker identifier component. In someinstances, the non-conductive communication module comprises anon-conductive transmitter, such as an RF antenna, e.g., an RF antennacoil, which may be associated with the ingestible component, such aswith a skirt component, or may be associated with a packaging componentof the device. In some instances, the non-conductive communicationmodule is electrically coupled to a second integrated circuit that isdistinct from the ingestible component integrated circuit. When present,this second integrated circuit and ingestible component integratedcircuit may be configured to communicate with each other. In someinstances, at least a portion of the non-conductive communication moduleis configured to be separable from the ingestible component in a mannerthat does not compromise the function of the conductive communicationmodule. The ingestible component may include an active pharmaceuticalagent, which agent may be present in a physiologically acceptablevehicle and/or a skirt component of an ingestible event marker. Thephysiologically acceptable vehicle may be configured as a tablet orcapsule in some instances.

Additional aspects of the invention include systems that comprise: aningestible component comprising an integrated circuit comprising aconductive communication module configured to emit a first signal; asecond non-conductive communication module configured to emit a secondsignal; and a receiver. In these systems, the receiver, conductivecommunication module and non-conductive communication module may beconfigured to provide for transmission of information between thereceiver and at least one of the conductive communication module and thenon-conductive communication module. In some instances, the receiver isconfigured to receive at least one of the first signal and the secondsignal. Any of the first and second signals may be encrypted as desired,for example by using any convenient cryptographic protocol. Where thereceiver is configured to receive the second signal, in some instancesthe receiver comprises a radio-frequency reader. As desired, thereceiver may be configured transmit information to the non-conductivecommunication module. In some instances of the systems, the receiver isa component chosen from a system selected from the group consisting ofmanufacturing systems, supply chain management systems and health caremanagement (such as pharmacy) systems. Manufacturing system componentswhich may include a receiver as described herein include sorters,programmers, encoders, etc. Supply chain management system componentswhich may include a receiver as described herein include trackers andprogrammers. Health care management system components which may includea receiver as described herein include scanners, encoders, and the like.In some instances, the receiver of the system is configured to the firstsignal, which first signal may comprise non-physiologic data. Thereceiver may be configured to removably attached to a living being,e.g., via an adhesive component. Alternatively, the receiver may be animplantable receiver. Where desired, the implantable receiver mayinclude additional functionality, such as electrical stimulationfunctionality, physiological data measurement functionality, etc.

Aspects of the invention further include various methods, such asmethods of detecting at least one of a first signal and a second signalfrom a device comprising that includes an ingestible componentcomprising an integrated circuit comprising a conductive communicationmodule configured to emit the first signal; and at least a portion ofsecond non-conductive communication module configured to emit the secondsignal. The methods may include detecting only the first or secondsignal, or both the first and second signal. Additional methods includeemitting at least one of a first signal or a second signal from a devicecomprising that includes an ingestible component comprising anintegrated circuit comprising a conductive communication moduleconfigured to emit the first signal; and at least a portion of secondnon-conductive communication module configured to emit the secondsignal. The methods may include emitting only the first or secondsignal, or both the first and second signal.

Additional methods of the invention includes methods of transmitting asignal between a non-conductive communication module and a receiver,wherein the non-conductive communication module is a component of adevice that includes an ingestible component comprising an integratedcircuit comprising a conductive communication module; and the secondnon-conductive communication module. In such methods, the receiver maybe a component chosen from a system selected from the group consistingof manufacturing systems, supply chain management systems and healthcare management systems. Where the receiver is a component of amanufacturing system, the manufacturing system may be a high-throughputmanufacturing system. Regardless of whether the receiver is a componentof a manufacturing system, supply chain management system or health caremanagement system, the signal may be transmitted from the device to thereceiver and/or from the receiver to the device.

Additional methods of the invention include methods of administering toa subject a device comprising an ingestible component comprising anintegrated circuit comprising a conductive communication moduleconfigured to emit the first signal; and at least a portion of secondnon-conductive communication module configured to emit the secondsignal. These methods may include receiving the first signal at areceiver and may further include determining historical information(such as pedigree information) for the ingestible component from thereceived first signal.

In some instances, the term “Lifecycle” is employed to refer to devicesand systems of the invention. “Lifecycle” encompasses the time duringwhich a pharmaceutical product exists, extending from manufacturethrough destruction. This period includes, for example, medicationmanufacture, supply chain management, pharmacy management, and patientpossession. Lifecycle can also refer to a single phase of thepharmaceutical product existence, or select multiple phases of itsexistence.

“Pharma Informatics” and “medication data” refer to informationregarding medication and its use, including information relating tomanufacture, supply chain, pharmacy inventory and distribution, patientidentifying data, dosage directions, and consumption data. For example,information used by the system can include the date, time, and locationof manufacture, batch number, lot number, medication name, medicationtype, manufacturer name, pharmacy name, date and time of transfer frompharmacy to patient, time of ingestion, and time of expulsion.

Aspects of RFID systems used for pharmaceutical tracking as discussed inpublished United States Patent Application Nos. 2007/0008112,2006/0061472 and 2005/0285732 can also be used in the systems and arehereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIGS. 1A to 1B shows an ingestible event marker identifier according toone embodiment.

FIG. 2 shows a communications environment according to one embodiment.

FIG. 3 shows the system of FIG. 2, according to one embodiment.

FIG. 4 shows a cross-sectional view of a system according to anotherembodiment.

FIG. 5 shows a schematic of a first pill communication system, accordingto one embodiment.

FIG. 6 shows a schematic of a second pill communication system,according to one embodiment.

FIG. 7 shows a schematic of a third pill communication system, accordingto one embodiment.

FIGS. 8A to 8B show a first RFID module and a second RFID module,according to one embodiment.

FIG. 9 shows an ingestible event marker identifier that includes aconductive communication module and an RFID communication module,according to one embodiment.

FIG. 10 provides a flow diagram of an IEM product lifetime, according toone embodiment.

FIG. 11 shows a dispenser that may be used in a manufacturing system,according to one embodiment.

FIG. 12 shows a container that may be produced using the manufacturingsystem of FIG. 11, according to one embodiment.

FIG. 13 provides a flow diagram of an IEM product lifetime anillustrates the types of information that may be obtained, according toone embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As summarized above, aspects of the invention include multi-modecommunication ingestible event marker devices. Ingestible event markerdevices of the invention include an ingestible component comprising aconductive communication module and at least one additionalnon-conductive communication module. The non-conductive communicationmodule may be integrated with the ingestible component or at least aportion or all of the non-conductive communication module may beassociated with a packaging component of the ingestible event markerdevice. Systems of the invention that include the ingestible eventmarker devices and a receiver may be configured to provide medicationinformation and control measures across the entire life cycle of theingestible event marker. The life cycle includes, for example,medication manufacture, supply chain management, pharmacy management,and patient use management.

Ingestible event marker devices of some embodiments may include aningestible component that includes an integrated circuit componentcomprising a conductive communication module (for example present as anintegrated identifier) and at least a second non-conductivecommunication module, where the number of additional non-conductivecommunication modules may vary, for example one or more, two or more,three or more, etc. Accordingly, the ingestible event marker devices ofthe invention may be viewed as multi-mode communication ingestible eventmarker devices, since they include at least two distinct communicationmodules, one of which is a conductive communication module. As indicatedabove, the at least second non-conductive communication module may beassociated with the ingestible component or partially or whollyassociated with a packaging component of the device, if present. Assuch, ingestible event marker devices of the invention may or may notinclude packaging associated with the ingestible component, wherepackaging may be configured in a variety of different formats, such asblister packs, multi-dose containers, and the like. In some instances,the communications modules are dynamically combined with medicationcomponents (when present) to achieve highly effective and accurateinformation and control solutions in a viable, cost-effective manner.For example, in one embodiment, the communications modules areimplemented as an integral part of a pill and/or medication packaging.Further, the systems can communicate with various other devices,including transmitters/receivers associated with inventory control,pharmacy control, and inter- and intra-body devices.

As summarized above, the devices and systems of the invention include atleast one non-conductive communication module. By non-conductivecommunication module is meant a communication module that communicatesusing a communications protocol other than a conductive communicationprotocol which uses body fluid as a conduction medium (for example, asfurther described in PCT Published Application Publication Nos. WO2006/116718; WO 2008/008281; WO 2008/095183 and WO 2008/063626; thedisclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference).Non-conductive communication protocols, i.e., modes, of interestinclude, but are not limited to: wireless radio-frequency modes;magnetic induction modes; optical modes, such as infra-red frequencyoptical modes; acoustic modes; as well as wired modes, i.e., directmodes. Accordingly, in some instances the non-conductive communicationmodule may be at least one module selected from the group consisting ofa wireless radio-frequency module, a magnetic induction module, anoptical module, an acoustic module, and a wired module.

In some embodiments of interest, the non-conductive communication moduleis a wireless radio-frequency module. While the wireless radio-frequencycommunication module may vary, in some instances this module is aradio-frequency identification (RFID) module. For ease of descriptionpurposes only, embodiments of the invention will now be furtherdescribed in terms of embodiments where the non-conductive communicationmodule is an RFID communication module. However, as noted above thenon-conductive communication module may vary widely.

In some instances, the RFID module incorporates, for example, anintegrated circuit and an RF antenna. The RFID module may becommunicatively associated with a conductive module incorporating, forexample, an integrated circuit and a conductive antenna. Either of theRFID module or the conductive module, or both, may function inconjunction with medication and/or medication packaging to receive,process, store, and/or transmit information related to or associatedwith the medication. As indicated above, the devices and systems can beused across multiple and varied applications to provide secure,controlled, and accurate communications in viable, cost-effectiveimplementations.

Broadly, the devices and systems facilitate information communicationand control measures up to the entire life cycle of an ingestible eventmarker. The systems are capable of application in a variety ofcommunications environments, particularly in environments where wirelesscommunications are preferred. For example, the communicationsenvironments include inventory control environments as well asinter-body and intra-body communications.

Inter-body and intra-body communications include, for example, active,passive, and semi-passive systems associated with data transmission andreception from implantable, ingestible, insertable, and attachablemedical devices and medications associated with the human body or otherliving organisms. The medical devices are capable of communicationand/or integration with systems of the invention.

As reviewed above, the ingestible event marker devices of the inventioninclude an ingestible component that comprises at least an integratedcircuit and a conductive communications module. This structure iscollectively referred to herein as an ingestible event marker, andingestible event markers may or may not include additional components,such as a physiologically acceptable vehicle and/or an pharmaceuticallyactive agent. Accordingly, the ingestible event markers describedherein, sometimes referred to herein as “IEMs”, at least include aningestible component that includes an integrated circuit that comprisesa conductive communication module, where the conductive communicationmodule includes a conductive transmitter. The integrated circuit andconductive communication module may be collectively referred to as anidentifier. Identifiers of interest are structures that generate (forexample emit) a detectable signal upon contact of the ingestible eventmarker identifier with a target physiological location (or locations).The ingestible event marker identifiers may vary depending on theparticular embodiment and intended application of the composition, aslong as they are activated (turned on) upon contact with a targetphysiological location, such as the stomach or small intestine. As such,an ingestible event marker identifier may be a structure that emits asignal when activated at a target site, for example when it contacts atarget body site. The ingestible event marker identifier may be anycomponent or device that is capable of providing a detectable signalfollowing activation. Ingestible event marker identifiers according toembodiments of the invention include a signal generation component. Theingestible event marker identifier may be configured to emit a signalonce the composition comes into contact with a physiological targetsite. Depending on the embodiment, the target physiological site orlocation may vary, where representative target physiological sites ofinterest include, but are not limited to: a location in thegastrointestinal tract, such as the mouth, esophagus, stomach, smallintestine, large intestine, etc. Ingestible event marker identifiers maybe configured to be activated upon contact with fluid at the targetsite, e.g., stomach fluid, regardless of the particular composition ofthe target site. Where desired, the ingestible event marker identifiermay be configured to be activated by interrogation, following contact ofthe composition with a target physiological site. The ingestible eventmarker identifier may be configured to be activated at a target site,where the target site is reached after a specified period of time.

Depending on the needs of a particular application, the signal obtainedfrom the ingestible event marker identifier may be a generic signal,such that the signal is a signal that merely identifies that thecomposition has contacted the target site. Alternatively, the signal maybe a unique signal, such as a signal which in some way uniquelyidentifies that a particular ingestible event marker from a group orplurality of different ingestible event markers, for example a batch ofingestible event markers, has contacted a target physiological site. Assuch, the ingestible event marker identifier may be one that emits asignal that cannot be distinguished from the signal emitted by theingestible event marker identifier of any other ingestible event markermember of a batch from which the ingestible event markers are obtained.Alternatively, each ingestible event marker member of a batch ofingestible event markers may have an ingestible event marker identifierthat emits a unique signal, at least with respect to all of the otheringestible event marker identifiers of the ingestible event markermembers of the batch. The ingestible event marker identifier may emit aunique signal that is a universally unique signal (where such a signalmay be analogous to a human fingerprint which is distinct from any otherfingerprint of any other individual and therefore uniquely identifies anindividual on a universal level). The signal may either directly conveyinformation about a given event, or provide an identifying code, whichmay be used to retrieve information about the event from a database,such as a database linking identifying codes with compositions. Wheredesired, the signal may be encrypted in a manner that provides controlover access to the signal and informational content thereof.

The ingestible event marker identifier at least generates a conductive(near field) signals, which signal is one that is communicated via aconductive communication protocol that uses body fluid as a conductionmedium (for example, as further described in PCT Published ApplicationPublication Nos. WO 2006/116718; WO 2008/008281; WO 2008/095183 and WO2008/063626; the disclosures of which are herein incorporated byreference). Depending on the given embodiment, the ingestible eventmarker identifier may transmit a given signal once. Alternatively, theingestible event marker identifier may be configured transmit a signalwith the same information (identical signals), two or more times, wherethe collection of discrete identical signals may be collectivelyreferred to as a redundant signal.

The ingestible event marker identifiers may vary depending on theparticular embodiment and intended application of the composition solong as they are activated upon contact with a target physiologicallocation, such as the stomach. Ingestible event marker identifiers mayinclude an activation component, such as a battery that is completed bystomach acid, and a transmission element. In these embodiments, theidentifier may be viewed as including a “wet battery” power source,which power source at least provides power to the conductivecommunication module, and may or may not provide power to thenon-conductive communication module, as further developed below.Examples of different types of ingestible event marker identifiers ofinterest include, but are not limited to, those ingestible event markeridentifiers described in PCT application serial no. PCT/US2006/016370published as WO/2006/116718; PCT application serial no.PCT/US2007/082563 published as WO/2008/052136; PCT application serialno. PCT/US2007/024225 published as WO/2008/063626; PCT applicationserial no. PCT/US2007/022257 published as WO/2008/066617; PCTapplication serial no. PCT/US2008/052845 published as WO/2008/095183;PCT application serial no. PCT/US2008/053999 published asWO/2008/101107; PCT application serial no. PCT/US2008/056296 publishedas WO/2008/112577; PCT application serial no. PCT/US2008/056299published as WO/2008/112578; and PCT application serial no.PCT/US2008/077753; the disclosures of which are herein incorporated byreference.

An example of an ingestible event marker of interest is depicted inFIGS. 1A and 1B. The ingestible event marker 10 shown in FIGS. 1A and 1Bincludes an integrated circuit component 20 (also referred to herein asthe identifier) as well as upper and lower electrodes 22 and 24, wherethe upper and lower electrodes are fabricated from dissimilar materialsand are configured such that upon contact with stomach fluid currentruns through the integrated circuit to cause one or more functionalblocks in the circuit to emit a detectable signal. The marker shown inFIGS. 1A and 1B includes a virtual dipole signal amplification element30 (sometimes referred to herein as a “skirt”), as reviewed in greaterdetail in PCT application serial no. PCT/US20008/077753, the disclosureof which is herein incorporated by reference.

In one example, the IEM includes a conductive antenna, a conductivemodulator, and a wet battery. The digestive system liquids, for example,activate the battery, which acts as a power source for variousIngestible Event Marker components. Detection events occur via liquidcontact. Data is transmitted via the conductive antenna to a receivingdevice.

The ingestible event marker devices may be used in conjunction withreceivers configured to receive the conductive signal emitted by theconductive communication module of the ingestible event maker. Oneexample of an attachable medical device is a transmitter/receiver (whichmay be referred to herein as a Raisin receiver), permanently associatedwith a body (such as implanted in a body) or removably attachable to anexternal portion of a body. Receivers of interest include, but are notlimited to, those receivers configured to detect a conductivelytransmitted signal described in PCT Published Application PublicationNos. WO 2006/116718; WO 2008/008281; WO 2008/095183 and WO 2008/063626;the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference. As such,the IEM can be communicably associated with a transmitting and/orreceiving device such as the Raisin, supra. The transmitting/receivingdevice includes in-body devices, external devices removably orpermanently attachable to the body, and remote devices, i.e., devicesnot physically associated with the body, but capable of communicationwith the Ingestible Event Marker.

Various embodiments of the devices and systems, includingcommunication-enabled pills and packaging, enable identification of theIEM and any medication thereof (if present). “Pill” as used below isrepresentative of any communication-enabled medication. IEM packagingincludes, for example, a “blister” pack capable of housing an individualIEM (such as a pill or a limited number of pills or capsules). The IEMpackaging further includes containers, boxes, wrappings, IV bags, and soforth associated with the medication.

In various embodiments, the communication components can be sovereign tothe pill. In other embodiments, the communication components can bedistributed, e.g., the RF module or portions thereof are physicallyassociated with the packaging and the conductive communications moduleis physically associated with the ingestible component, such as a pillor capsule. For example, RFID communications can be terminated when thepill is removed from the packaging due to the physical severance of RFIDmodule components from the remainder of the device. In one embodiment,the RFID antenna is located on the medication packaging and is separatedfrom the remainder of the device via a “snap-off” mechanism, thuspreventing RF communications with the ingestible component once it hasbeen removed from its packaging. In another embodiment, the RFID antennais removed at the time the pharmacy delivers IEM to the patient. In theabove examples, other RFID module components, such as a data storagecomponent, can be associated with the RF antenna in such a way that theyare separated from the remainder of the system along with the antenna.Alternatively, the RF antenna could remain attached to the pill whileanother part of the RFID module is separated from the pill. As such, insome instances at least a portion of the non-conductive communicationmodule is configured to be separable from the ingestible component in amanner that does not compromise the function of the conductivecommunication module. One advantage of separating part or all of theRFID module from the conductive communications module in this manner isthe patient privacy protection afforded by termination of RFIDcommunications.

In some embodiments, some or all of the data readable on or written tothe RFID system will be removable via severance of the RFID module fromthe conductive module to protect patient privacy. However, in otherembodiments, retention of such data after separation could be desirablefor long term tracking and/or identification purposes.

The RFID components can be used to encode the pill or the medicationpackaging with various data such as medication identificationinformation, dosage information, lot and batch numbers, and expirationdates. These data can be manipulated in any manner to optimizefunctionality. For example, quality control processes can read eachIEM's information and aggregate the information consistent with optimalinventory, shipping tracking, and financial processes. Automated sorterscan communicate with each IEM to efficiently process, sort, and packagemedications.

Similarly, shipping operations can be tracked and controlled to ensurepositive medication identification, medication location, and so forth.In one example, once medication distribution has commenced, the deviceand system can be used to check for counterfeit medications, such asmight be received from international points or from other locationslacking good regulatory practices.

Pharmacy operations can be optimized with use of the devices andsystems. For example, upon receipt of medications into the pharmacy, thestaff can scan the medication packaging and the medications to ensurereceipt of the expected products and authenticity of the medication.Prior to dispensing the medication to a patient, the pharmacy can encodethe medication packaging, containers, and individual medications withpatient-pertinent information. For example, such information includespatient identification, medication identification and patient-specificdosage and expiration information. Further information includescontraindicated medications, warnings, and so forth. In this manner, thehistory, traceability, efficacy and safety of the medication areaddressed.

In addition, various embodiments of the devices can interoperate withdispensing devices in systems of interest. For example, once medicationinformation is read into the system, the dispensing device aggregatesvarious medications into a container or even a single IEM or formulationfor a particular patient.

In various embodiments, the device can be a very small, low range unit.A very strong RF detector, such as an RFID wand or a gate thatindividual pills pass through, e.g., a funnel as depicted in certain ofthe figures, can be used to communicate with the device outside thebody, for example, within a range of 100 μm to ten meters, such as 3 μmto 3 centimeters, e.g. approximately 1 centimeter. Once ingested,however, the low range of the RFID communication module does notfacilitate communication with random devices, i.e., those not intendedor authorized to communicate with the IEM. In this manner, privacyconcerns regarding unauthorized or unintentional communication ofinformation associated with the IEM are minimized. Higher range RFIDdevices i.e., functioning with in a range of one meter to 20 meters,such as one meter to three meters, e.g. 2 meters, may be employed forsome tracking applications. In this application, privacy protection canbe provided by separation of RFID and conductive communications modulesas described above. Alternatively, privacy may be provided in this andany particular communication by employing suitable encryptiontechniques, such that any signal of interest where privacyconsiderations are of concern is encrypted. Any convenient encryptionprotocol may be employed.

The frequency range in which the RFID module operates can also beselected to achieve various design goals. Low frequency RF, i.e. radiowaves in the Hz/kHz range, for example, between 5 kHz and 500 kHz, suchas 125 kHz, may be preferable for communications while the device is inuse by the patient. However MHz/GHz range RF, e.g. in the range of 1 MHzto 1 GHz, such as 13.56 MHz, can facilitate tracking of the system priorto patient use. Multiple RFID modules can be combined within one systemto facilitate these different needs.

Once the IEM reaches the patient environment, information associatedwith the IEM can be used for a variety of purposes. For example, the IEMmay interoperate with the IEM container and with a receiver such as theRaisin, supra, to ensure that the person attempting to open the IEMcontainer is actually the person for whom it is prescribed. Furthercommunication activities include an information control system, in whichmedication information associated with the IEM device is comparedagainst patient data received from one or multiple sources to determine,for example, if a medication is contraindicated, subject to appropriatedosage amounts and times, or other events and/or conditions.

After patient ingestion, information stored by the IEM may be recoveredfrom one or more of the communications modules. For example,communication capabilities can be performed after ingestion via theconductive communication components, for example, using the IngestibleEvent Marker and a Raisin receiver. In some embodiments, a device with alimited RF range maintains patient privacy respecting to informationstored by the system. Other embodiments of the system provide forseparation of RFID module components to prevent RF access to the device.

Data can be stored in the device and reprogrammed with secure digitalsignature at each transaction.

When patient expulsion of a IEM has taken place, various embodimentspermit communication with a device such as a sensor to determine, forexample, data related to the patient or the medication, or transit timethrough the body. Alternatively, in various embodiments, the data iserased (or various components/subcomponents associated with the data aredestroyed or separated from the system) to protect privacy concernsafter expulsion.

In FIG. 2, there is shown a communications environment 100 including aningestible event marker device 102, according to one embodiment, whichincludes both a conductive communication module and an RFID module. TheRFID module of the device 102 interacts via a communication link 104with a receiver configured to receive a signal from at least one of theconductive communication module or RFID communication module of thedevice. For example, receiver 106 may be an RFID wand 106. Incommunication environment 100, the device 102 interacts with, e.g.,brings in power from, the RFID wand 106. The RFID wand 106, for example,operates on a radio frequency and transmits data to and/or receives datafrom the device 102. In this manner, communication can be achievedwithout reliance on liquid contact to activate a power source. Inaddition, in certain embodiments, the device 102 is powered by the radiosignal of the associated communication device, e.g., RFID wand 106. Inthis manner, the device 102 provides a relatively small size overall tofacilitate ease of ingestion, implantation, maintenance, and traversalactivities related to the body.

More particularly, FIG. 3 shows the ingestible event marker device 102of FIG. 1, according to one embodiment. The device 102 includes a pill202 and a communications module 204. The communications module includesan integrated circuit (“chip”) 206, an RF antenna 208, lead(s) 210, andan antenna skirt 212. The pill 202 may have various pharmaceuticalconfigurations, such capsules, caplets, gel caps, solid pills, tablets,and other types of pill medications. The pill 202 may include aphysiologically acceptable vehicle, and may or may not further include apharmaceutically active agent. The chip 206 is permanently or removablyaffixed to, or integrated with, at least a portion of the pill 202. Thechip 206 includes various combinations of components/subcomponents (notshown). For example, the chip 206 can include or be otherwise associatedwith a memory, a processor, a storage unit, a transmitter and/orreceiver, or other components associated with data processing, storage,transmission, and receipt.

The RF antenna 208 permanently or removably attaches to, or is otherwisein communication with, the chip 206 via leads 210. In variousembodiments, the antenna 210 is integrated, or otherwise associatedwith, the antenna skirt 212 (also referred to above as a virtual-dipolesignal amplifier). In various embodiments, the antenna skirt 212 can beflexible, inflexible, foldable, unfoldable, rollable, unrollable,expandable or otherwise manipulated. In this manner, the folded antennaskirt 212 facilitates ingestion/implantation, yet expands in the body topromote communication transmittal and reception. The antenna skirt canbe implemented in various materials or combinations of materials, solong as the functionality described herein is carried out.

FIG. 4 shows a cross-sectional view of an ingestible event marker device300, according to another embodiment. The ingestible event marker 300includes packaging 302, such as a “blister” pack. Chip 206 of device 300includes an RFID communication module electrically coupled to the RFantenna 208 via the leads 210. The RF antenna 208 can be integrated intoor formed in any manner associated with the packaging 302. The chip 206can be located or associated with either the blister pack, e.g., whereseparate communicably associated chips can be attached to the blisterpack and the pill. Alternatively, chip 206 may be part of an ingestiblecomponent (not shown) such as a pill, such as where chip 206 furtherincludes a conductive communication module. Communication associatedwith the blister pack can be achieved without having all of the RFIDcomponents onboard an ingestible component, thus providing analternative to ingestion of the entire RFID communication. Therefore,the RFID off-board components, i.e., components not physicallyassociated with the ingestible component, need not consist of ediblematerials.

As illustrated below, an RFID communication module 204 may be associatedto varying degrees with conductive components of an IEM. For example,FIG. 5 shows a schematic of a first pill communication system 400,sometimes referred to as a “sender”, including the RF antenna 208powered by an induction power source 402. The induction power source 402includes, for example, the RFID wand 106 (shown in FIG. 2). The RFantenna 208 is communicably associated with a first modulator 404, whichmodulates a signal associated with data 406, which can be stored, forexample, in a memory (not shown) or other media.

The pill communication system 400 further includes a conductive antenna408 powered by a wet battery 410. The wet battery 410 is activated, forexample, by digestive liquids. The conductive antenna 408 iscommunicably associated with a second modulator 412, which modulates asignal associated with the conductive antenna 408. The second modulator412 is communicably associated with data 406, which can be associated,for example, in a memory (not shown) or other media. In this manner,common data, e.g. data 406 can be transmitted via two different links,depending on the desired functionality.

For example, data can be modulated and transmitted via the RF antenna208 during manufacturing, shipping, pharmacy, and home operations. Thesame (or different) data can be transmitted via the conductive antenna408 after ingestion of the pill. In various embodiments, after expulsionfrom the body, a time of expulsion can be determined and used, forexample, to calculate a total transmittal time through the body.

In some embodiments, some or all of the data stored on the system can beerased, destroyed, etc. For example, the pill includes fusible links(not shown) and use a portion of the power to completely erase data frommemory or physically destroy memory. For example, when the conductivecommunication module power source, e.g. wet battery, is activated, thepower provided triggers data deletion. In this manner, if the pill isrecovered there is no data to be retrieved by unauthorized sources andthe patient's privacy interests are preserved. Separating the data intoseparate modules (not shown) further allows a portion of stored data tobe deleted, e.g. patient or dosage information, while allowing a portionof the data to remain, e.g. medication identifying information.

A further advantage offered by separation between portions of the RFIDcommunications module and the conductive communications module is afailsafe mechanism for obtaining data stored on the pill. That is, ifone communications module fails, the other module remains available tofacilitate communications. For example, if one or more components of theconductive communications module cease to function, an RFID wand 106(shown in FIG. 2) could be used to power the pill communication system400 inductively to obtain information from data 406.

Moreover, separating the conductive communication module from the RFIDcommunication module components facilitates physical disabling of a partof the system via a “snap-off” mechanism as described supra.

FIG. 6 shows a schematic of a second pill communication system 500,according to one embodiment. The second pill communication systemincludes a spiral conductive RF antenna 502, an RF modulator 404, aconductive modulator 412 and data 406. The antenna is communicablyassociated with an RF modulator 404 powered by an induction powersource. The RF modulator 404 modulates a signal associated with theantenna. The RF modulator 404 is communicably associated with data 406,which can be associated, for example, in a memory (not shown) or othermedia. The antenna 502 is further communicably associated with aconductive modulator 412 powered by, e.g., a wet battery. The conductivemodulator modulates a signal associated with the antenna. The conductivemodulator is communicably associated with data 406, which can beassociated, for example, in a memory (not shown) or other media. In thismanner, the second pill communication system accommodates bothconductive and RF modulation of signals associated with a singleantenna. An IEM device featuring a single antenna which facilitates bothconductive and RF communications would potentially reduce the component,design, and test costs associated with the complete system. Moreover,the modes of failure are reduced as components are removed from thesystem. The potential for antenna failure is reduced when the systemincludes one antenna rather than two.

FIG. 7 shows a schematic of a third pill communication system 600,according to one embodiment. The third pill communication system 600includes an antenna 502, a modulator 602, and data 406. The modulator602 modulates a signal from the antenna 502 and can be powered by one ormore sources, e.g., a wet battery and/or an inductive power source. Inone embodiment, for example, the modulator 504 is a 125 Kilohertz (KHz)modulator. In other examples, the modulator is a 13 Megahertz (MHz)modulator or other frequency bands. In this manner, the second pillcommunication system 500 accommodates both inductive and conductivepower sources in a single modulator/antenna design, permitting multipletypes of communication in multiple communication environments. Theadvantages of component integration as illustrated in FIG. 5, supra, arefurther realized with further reduction of the number of components inthe system.

FIGS. 8A and 8B show a first RFID module 602 and a second RFID module604, according to one embodiment. The first RFID module 602 isconfigured in association with a small chip 606 (integrated circuit orflexible electrode). The small chip 606 is, for example, between 10micrometers and 10 millimeters on a side, such as 100 micrometers to 5millimeters, e.g. one millimeter on a side, having a cathode on a firstside (not shown) and an anode on a second side (not shown). The chip 606is embedded in a skirt 608 by which conductive transmission is generatedby modulating current. An antenna 504 runs along, i.e., is associatedwith, the perimeter of the chip 606. The antenna 504 includes, forexample, a multi-turn/multi-layer antenna that acts as the antenna foran RIFD link. In one embodiment, the antenna is relatively small. Invarious embodiments, an insulating layer (not shown) is introduces overthe antenna 504 to extend range. For example, the insulting layerincludes several hundred microns of plastic over the antenna 504. Inthis manner, the pharmaceutical RFID unit 602 is compact, and thereforeeasily ingestible/implantable while still operable in an acceptablecommunication range. In various other embodiments, the antenna 504matches a refractive index of the body. In this manner, the RFID antennafacilitates interbody, intrabody, and extrabody communications.

The second RFID module 604 is configured in association with a smallchip 606 having a cathode layer (not shown) on top of the chip 606. Thelayer of metal is patterned with the antenna 504, e.g., denselypatterned with the antenna 504 having a multi-turned, spiral-patterneddesign. The metal layer has slits cut therein, such as single spiralslit cut. When the cathode material is deposited, the antenna 504 servesas a conductor which provides the substrate for attaching the cathodeand also the current collector for extracting electrical energy from it.In this manner, the antenna 504 becomes shorted when wet, thuspermitting the RFID module to function in a dry environment(manufacturing, pharmacy, etc.) but not in liquid environment, e.g.,inside the body. This promotes privacy by disabling RFID communicationswith the lifecycle pharma informatics system while it is in the body.

In various embodiments, the antenna 504 is configured according to anypattern and/or location respective to the lifecycle pharma informaticssystem. Patterns include, for example, spirals, squiggles, curves,multi-turned, straight, curved, single layer, multi-layer, and otherdesigns and combinations of designs.

FIG. 9 shows an ingestible event marker identifier that includes an RFIDcommunication module, according to an embodiment. In FIG. 9, IEMidentifier 900 includes integrated circuit component 910 and skirt 920.Integrated circuit component 910 includes both a conductivecommunication module and an RFID communication module. Identifier 910also includes RFID antenna 930.

IEM identifiers that include both conductive communication modules andnon-conductive communication modules, such as RFID communicationsmodules, find use in a variety of different applications which may spanthe product lifetime of an ingestible event marker. Abilities andfunctionalities provided by such identifiers include, but are notlimited to: reading of IEM identifier information and storing pedigreeinformation at of one or more of the IEM manufacturing stage, supplychain stage, pharmacy management stage, and patient use stage. Completepedigrees for a given IEM, from manufacture to use and/or disposal mayreadily be obtained. Audit capability may be provided at every point inthe supply chain. Automated sorting gates and cryptographic signaturesmay be employed to verify product authenticity, as desired.

IEM devices including both conductive communication and non-conductivecommunication modules may be fabricated using any convenientmanufacturing protocol. In some instances, the manufacturing protocolthat is employed is a high-throughput manufacturing protocol. Suchhigh-throughput manufacturing protocols include, but are not limited to,those described in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/142,849, thedisclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference. Onehigh-throughput manufacturing protocol in which the IEM includes anidentifier having both conductive and RFID communication modules and atablet physiologically acceptable carrier that includes an activepharmaceutical agent is schematically illustrated in FIG. 10. Theprocess 1000 illustrated in FIG. 10 begins with an IEM identifier 1010that includes and conductive and RFID communication module (such as theidentifier illustrated in FIG. 9) being combined with an activepharmaceutical agent (API) and a physiologically acceptable vehicle 1020into a tablet IEM at stage 1030. Following tablet compression, theresultant tablet may be coated at stage 1040 and any printing orlabeling applied at stage 1050 to product the final IEM. Next, the IEMis sent to bulk packaging stage 1060, where the resultant bulk packageof IEMs is shipped at stage 1070 to pharmacy 1080 for ultimate sale to acustomer. Box 1090 illustrates examples of points in the process wherethe RFID communication module may be employed to transmit information tothe IEM and or receive information from the IEM. For example,programming information may be transmitted to the IEM via the RFIDcommunication module at any of points 1092, 1094, 1096 and 1098.Alternatively and/or in addition to transmitting programming informationto the IEM via the RFID communication module at any of points 1092,1094, 1096 and 1098, identifying information may be retrieved from theIEM at any of these points, e.g., to facilitate packaging, sorting,handling, etc.

FIG. 11 provides a view of a sorter device that includes an RFIDreceiver/transmitter, where the sorter device may be used in amanufacturing, and supply chain and/or pharmacy system (for example atany of points 1092, 1094, 1096 and 1098. In FIG. 11, hopper 1100includes a larger number of IEMs 1110, where the IEMs include bothconductive and RFID communication modules, such as the IEM shown in FIG.9. Funnel 1120 dispenses IEMs into dispenser counter 1130. Dispensercounter 1130 includes 1, 2 or 3 coils 1135 for RFID communication (wherethree are shown in the figure). Dispenser counter includes tube 1137which ensures dispensing of a single IEM at a time into container 1140.Container 1140 is filled with identified and sorted IEMs.

An example of an embodiment of container 1140 is shown in FIG. 12.Container 1140 of FIG. 12 includes multiple IEMs 1110 that have beenidentified by system 1100. Container also includes an RFID tag, 1150 anda bar code 1160. Also shown is cap 1170. The system 1100 and container1140 may be employed with an informatics system to readily know theexact contents of the container, including the pedigree information foreach IEM present in the container.

FIG. 13 provides a flow diagram of an IEM product lifetime and providesexamples of the types of information that be generated by IEM devicesthat include both conductive and non-conductive communication modules.In FIG. 13, raw materials from raw material suppliers 1300 are sent tomanufactures 1310 for manufacture of IEMs. Distributor 1315 and 1320transfer IEMs from the manufacture to a pharmacy, such as a hospitalpharmacy 1330 or retail pharmacy 1335, and ultimately to a patient 1340.Non-conductively communication information may be employed prior topatient ingestion to, among other activities, provide for productauthentication the manufacturer 1310 and the first distributor 1315,provide for verified product repackaging between the first distributor1315 and the second distributor 1320, accurately implement prescriptionfilling at pharmacy 1330 or 1335 with fewer filling errors. Conductivelyobtained information can be employed to obtain dosing information fromthe patient 1340 which is employed by health care practitioners 1350 aswell as pharmacies (to manage prescriptions) and manufacturers 1310 (formarket intelligence, such as sales projections, etc.). Uses ofconductively obtained IEM information are further described in PCTPublished Application Publication Nos. WO 2006/116718; WO 2008/008281;WO 2008/095183 and WO 2008/063626; the disclosures of which are hereinincorporated by reference.

It is to be understood that this invention is not limited to particularembodiments described, as such may vary. It is also to be understoodthat the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describingparticular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting, sincethe scope of the present invention will be limited only by the appendedclaims.

Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that eachintervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit unlessthe context clearly dictates otherwise, between the upper and lowerlimit of that range and any other stated or intervening value in thatstated range, is encompassed within the invention. The upper and lowerlimits of these smaller ranges may independently be included in thesmaller ranges and are also encompassed within the invention, subject toany specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the statedrange includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either orboth of those included limits are also included in the invention.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods andmaterials similar or equivalent to those described herein can also beused in the practice or testing of the present invention, representativeillustrative methods and materials are now described.

All publications and patents cited in this specification are hereinincorporated by reference as if each individual publication or patentwere specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated byreference and are incorporated herein by reference to disclose anddescribe the methods and/or materials in connection with which thepublications are cited. The citation of any publication is for itsdisclosure prior to the filing date and should not be construed as anadmission that the present invention is not entitled to antedate suchpublication by virtue of prior invention. Further, the dates ofpublication provided may be different from the actual publication dateswhich may need to be independently confirmed.

It is noted that, as used herein and in the appended claims, thesingular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents unless thecontext clearly dictates otherwise. It is further noted that the claimsmay be drafted to exclude any optional element. As such, this statementis intended to serve as antecedent basis for use of such exclusiveterminology as “solely,” “only” and the like in connection with therecitation of claim elements, or use of a “negative” limitation.

Certain ranges have been presented herein with numerical values beingpreceded by the term “about.” The term “about” is used herein to provideliteral support for the exact number that it precedes, as well as anumber that is near to or approximately the number that the termprecedes. In determining whether a number is near to or approximately aspecifically recited number, the near or approximating unrecited numbermay be a number which, in the context in which it is presented, providesthe substantial equivalent of the specifically recited number.

As will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reading thisdisclosure, each of the individual embodiments described and illustratedherein has discrete components and features which may be readilyseparated from or combined with the features of any of the other severalembodiments without departing from the scope or spirit of the presentinvention. Any recited method can be carried out in the order of eventsrecited or in any other order which is logically possible.

Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail byway of illustration and example for purposes of clarity ofunderstanding, it is readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in theart in light of the teachings of this invention that certain changes andmodifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit orscope of the appended claims.

Accordingly, the preceding merely illustrates the principles of theinvention. It will be appreciated that those skilled in the art will beable to devise various arrangements which, although not explicitlydescribed or shown herein, embody the principles of the invention andare included within its spirit and scope. Furthermore, all examples andconditional language recited herein are principally intended to aid thereader in understanding the principles of the invention and the conceptscontributed by the inventors to furthering the art, and are to beconstrued as being without limitation to such specifically recitedexamples and conditions. Moreover, all statements herein recitingprinciples, aspects, and embodiments of the invention as well asspecific examples thereof, are intended to encompass both structural andfunctional equivalents thereof. Additionally, it is intended that suchequivalents include both currently known equivalents and equivalentsdeveloped in the future, i.e., any elements developed that perform thesame function, regardless of structure. The scope of the presentinvention, therefore, is not intended to be limited to the exemplaryembodiments shown and described herein. Rather, the scope and spirit ofpresent invention is embodied by the appended claims.

1-66. (canceled)
 67. A device, comprising: an ingestible componentcomprising a first communication module, wherein the first communicationmodule is a conductive communication module configured to modulate afirst signal, wherein the first signal is a conductive signalcommunicated through an electrically conductive medium; and at least aportion of a second communication module configured to modulate a secondsignal.
 68. The device of claim 67, wherein the second communicationmodule is a non-conductive communication module.
 69. The device of claim67, wherein the ingestible component comprises a partial power sourcecomprising a pair of electrodes fabricated from dissimilar materials.70. The device of claim 67, comprising a second power sourceelectrically coupled to the second communication module.
 71. The deviceof claim 67, wherein the ingestible component comprises the secondcommunication module.
 72. The device of claim 67, wherein at least aportion of the second communication module is configured to be separablefrom the ingestible component in a manner that does not compromise thefunction of the conductive communication module.
 73. The device of claim67, wherein the ingestible component comprises an active pharmaceuticalagent.
 74. The device of claim 67, wherein the ingestible componentcomprises a physiologically acceptable vehicle.
 75. A system comprising:an ingestible component comprising a first communication module, whereinthe first communication module is a conductive communication moduleconfigured to modulate a first signal, wherein the first signal is aconductive signal communicated through an electrically conductivemedium; at least a portion of a second communication module configuredto modulate a second signal; and a receiver, wherein the receiver, thefirst communication module, and the second communication module areconfigured to transmit information between the receiver and at least oneof the first or second communication module.
 76. The system of claim 75,wherein the receiver comprises a radio-frequency reader.
 77. The systemof claim 75, wherein the receiver is configured transmit information tothe second communication module.
 78. The system of claim 75, wherein thereceiver is configured to be removably attached to a living being. 79.The system of claim 75, wherein the receiver is an implantable receiver.80. The system of claim 75, wherein the receiver is configured as anelectrical stimulation device.
 81. The system of claim 75, wherein thesecond communication module is a non-conductive communication module.82. A device, comprising: an ingestible component comprising aconductive communication module configured to modulate a conductivesignal through an electrically conductive medium; and at least a portionof another module configured to absorb a second signal.
 83. The deviceof claim 82, wherein the other communication module is a non-conductivecommunication module.
 84. The device of claim 82, wherein the ingestiblecomponent comprises a partial power source comprising a pair ofelectrodes fabricated from dissimilar materials.
 85. The device of claim82, comprising a second power source electrically coupled to the secondcommunication module.
 86. The device of claim 82, wherein the ingestiblecomponent comprises the other communication module.
 87. The device ofclaim 82, wherein at least a portion of the other communication moduleis configured to be separable from the ingestible component in a mannerthat does not compromise the function of the conductive communicationmodule.
 88. The device of claim 82, wherein the ingestible componentcomprises an active pharmaceutical agent.
 89. The device of claim 82,wherein the ingestible component comprises a physiologically acceptablevehicle.
 90. A system comprising: an ingestible component comprising aconductive communication module configured to modulate a conductivesignal through an electrically conductive medium; at least a portion ofanother communication module configured to absorb a signal; and areceiver configured to communicate information between at least one ofthe conductive communication or the other communication module.
 91. Thesystem of claim 90, wherein the receiver comprises a radio-frequencyreader.
 92. The system of claim 90, wherein the receiver is configuredtransmit information to the other communication module.
 93. The systemof claim 90, wherein the receiver is configured to be removably attachedto a living being.
 94. The system of claim 90, wherein the receiver isan implantable receiver.
 95. The system of claim 90, wherein thereceiver is configured as an electrical stimulation device.
 96. Thesystem of claim 90, wherein the other communication module is anon-conductive communication module.